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For perspective, in 2024, eight of the top ten causes of death in the United States were diseases.43 These include diabetes, which affects 11.6% of the U.S

This results in activation of two major canonical signaling pathways: the IRS-1/PI3K/Akt pathway, which is linked to most metabolic actions, such as stimulation of glucose uptake, lipogenesis, glycogen synthesis, and inhibition of gluconeogenesis, and the Shc/Grb2/Sos/Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway, which regulates cell growth and differentiation (5, 7)

Pregnancy and breastfeeding are clear contraindications - we lack sufficient safety data on high-dose IV administration during these times

Dambrova M, Makrecka-Kuka M, Vilskersts R, Makarova E, Kuka J, Liepinsh E