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pylori , elicits a array of detrimental effects on host cells, including vacuolation, disruption of lysosomal function, and modulation of the immune response [51, 52]
Besides, protein undergoes carbonylation, another form of protein oxidative modification in which ROS groups bind to specific amino acids, affecting protein stability and activity ( Furthermore, ROS/RNS can directly attack DNA, causing oxidative DNA damage in IBD ( 2.3 Mitochondrial dysfunction Mitochondria, with their functions in energy production, calcium homeostasis, and membrane excitability, are thought to substantially impact the pathology of IBD, as their dysfunction may initiate and advance the disease
Mitochondrial formation of reactive oxygen species
